Which mood disorder is characterized by episodes of both depression and mania?

• A. Bipolar disorder
• B. Major depressive disorder
• C. Generalized anxiety disorder
• D. PTSD

Answer: (A)

Understanding mood disorders involves recognizing conditions that cycle between depressive and elevated moods. This disorder is defined by alternating depressive episodes and periods of mania (high energy, reduced need for sleep, pressured speech, riskier behavior, inflated self-esteem). Mania is the feature that sets it apart from other conditions. Major depressive disorder has only depressive episodes. Generalized anxiety disorder centers on persistent worry, not mood swings. PTSD involves trauma-related symptoms, not cycles of mood. Therefore, the condition that includes both depression and mania is bipolar disorder. If you encounter bipolar II, note that it includes depressive episodes and hypomanic (less intense than full mania) states, still reflecting the same overall pattern.